Chest girth + weight + harness style — get a size, not just a guess.
Wrap a soft tailor's tape around the widest part of your dog's ribcage, right behind the front legs — this is the chest girth, and it's the single most important measurement for harness sizing, more reliable than weight alone.
Chest girth. Two dogs of the same weight can have very different builds — a stocky, barrel-chested breed and a lean, deep-chested breed rarely wear the same size harness even at an identical weight.
Size up. A slightly loose harness can usually be tightened with the adjustment straps, while a too-small harness can chafe the armpits and restrict breathing or movement.
There's no industry-wide sizing standard for dog harnesses — each manufacturer sets its own girth ranges for "Small," "Medium," and so on, so the letter alone can be misleading. Always match your measurement in inches to that specific brand's chart.